Various fixes in actix-http crate

actix-http/benches/uninit-headers.rs

@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ impl HeaderIndex {
 // test cases taken from:
 // https://github.com/seanmonstar/httparse/blob/master/benches/parse.rs
 
-const REQ_SHORT: &'static [u8] = b"\
+const REQ_SHORT: &[u8] = b"\
 GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\
 Host: example.com\r\n\
 Cookie: session=60; user_id=1\r\n\r\n";
 
-const REQ: &'static [u8] = b"\
+const REQ: &[u8] = b"\
 GET /wp-content/uploads/2010/03/hello-kitty-darth-vader-pink.jpg HTTP/1.1\r\n\
 Host: www.kittyhell.com\r\n\
 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; ja-JP-mac; rv:1.9.2.3) Gecko/20100401 Firefox/3.6.3 Pathtraq/0.9\r\n\
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ mod _original {
     use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 
     pub fn parse_headers(src: &mut BytesMut) -> usize {
+        #![allow(clippy::uninit_assumed_init)]
+
         let mut headers: [HeaderIndex; MAX_HEADERS] =
             unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() };
 

actix-http/src/body/body.rs

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ pub enum AnyBody {
 
 impl AnyBody {
     /// Create body from slice (copy)
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn from_slice(s: &[u8]) -> Self {
         Self::Bytes(Bytes::copy_from_slice(s))
     }

actix-http/src/builder.rs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ where
     <S::Service as Service<Request>>::Future: 'static,
 {
     /// Create instance of `ServiceConfigBuilder`
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         HttpServiceBuilder {
             keep_alive: KeepAlive::Timeout(5),

actix-http/src/client/connector.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ pub struct Connector<T> {
 
 impl Connector<()> {
     #[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self, clippy::let_unit_value)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Connector<
         impl Service<
                 TcpConnect<Uri>,
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ impl Connector<()> {
         use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
 
         let mut alpn = BytesMut::with_capacity(20);
-        for proto in protocols.iter() {
+        for proto in &protocols {
             alpn.put_u8(proto.len() as u8);
             alpn.put(proto.as_slice());
         }
@@ -290,8 +291,7 @@ where
                         let h2 = sock
                             .ssl()
                             .selected_alpn_protocol()
-                            .map(|protos| protos.windows(2).any(|w| w == H2))
+                            .map_or(false, |protos| protos.windows(2).any(|w| w == H2));
-                            .unwrap_or(false);
                         if h2 {
                             (Box::new(sock), Protocol::Http2)
                         } else {
@@ -325,8 +325,7 @@ where
                             .get_ref()
                             .1
                             .get_alpn_protocol()
-                            .map(|protos| protos.windows(2).any(|w| w == H2))
+                            .map_or(false, |protos| protos.windows(2).any(|w| w == H2));
-                            .unwrap_or(false);
                         if h2 {
                             (Box::new(sock), Protocol::Http2)
                         } else {

actix-http/src/client/h2proto.rs

@@ -168,14 +168,13 @@ where
 
                 if let Err(e) = send.send_data(bytes, false) {
                     return Err(e.into());
-                } else {
-                    if !b.is_empty() {
-                        send.reserve_capacity(b.len());
-                    } else {
-                        buf = None;
-                    }
-                    continue;
                 }
+                if !b.is_empty() {
+                    send.reserve_capacity(b.len());
+                } else {
+                    buf = None;
+                }
+                continue;
             }
             Some(Err(e)) => return Err(e.into()),
         }

actix-http/src/config.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ impl Default for ServiceConfig {
 
 impl ServiceConfig {
     /// Create instance of `ServiceConfig`
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(
         keep_alive: KeepAlive,
         client_timeout: u64,
@@ -99,30 +100,35 @@ impl ServiceConfig {
 
     /// Returns true if connection is secure (HTTPS)
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn secure(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.secure
     }
 
     /// Returns the local address that this server is bound to.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn local_addr(&self) -> Option<net::SocketAddr> {
         self.0.local_addr
     }
 
     /// Keep alive duration if configured.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keep_alive(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
         self.0.keep_alive
     }
 
     /// Return state of connection keep-alive functionality
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keep_alive_enabled(&self) -> bool {
         self.0.ka_enabled
     }
 
     /// Client timeout for first request.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn client_timer(&self) -> Option<Sleep> {
         let delay_time = self.0.client_timeout;
         if delay_time != 0 {
@@ -133,6 +139,7 @@ impl ServiceConfig {
     }
 
     /// Client timeout for first request.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn client_timer_expire(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
         let delay = self.0.client_timeout;
         if delay != 0 {
@@ -143,6 +150,7 @@ impl ServiceConfig {
     }
 
     /// Client disconnect timer
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn client_disconnect_timer(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
         let delay = self.0.client_disconnect;
         if delay != 0 {
@@ -152,13 +160,15 @@ impl ServiceConfig {
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
     /// Return keep-alive timer delay is configured.
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keep_alive_timer(&self) -> Option<Sleep> {
         self.keep_alive().map(|ka| sleep_until(self.now() + ka))
     }
 
     /// Keep-alive expire time
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keep_alive_expire(&self) -> Option<Instant> {
         self.keep_alive().map(|ka| self.now() + ka)
     }
@@ -365,11 +375,11 @@ mod tests {
         let clone3 = service.clone();
 
         drop(clone1);
-        assert_eq!(false, notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
+        assert!(!notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
         drop(clone2);
-        assert_eq!(false, notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
+        assert!(!notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
         drop(clone3);
-        assert_eq!(false, notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
+        assert!(!notify_on_drop::is_dropped());
 
         drop(service);
         assert!(notify_on_drop::is_dropped());

actix-http/src/error.rs

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
 
 impl StdError for Error {
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
-        self.inner.cause.as_ref().map(|err| err.as_ref())
+        self.inner.cause.as_ref().map(Box::as_ref)
     }
 }
 

actix-http/src/extensions.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub struct Extensions {
 impl Extensions {
     /// Creates an empty `Extensions`.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Extensions {
         Extensions {
             map: AHashMap::default(),
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ impl Extensions {
     /// assert_eq!(map.insert(1u32), None);
     /// assert!(map.contains::<u32>());
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn contains<T: 'static>(&self) -> bool {
         self.map.contains_key(&TypeId::of::<T>())
     }
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ impl Extensions {
     /// map.insert(1u32);
     /// assert_eq!(map.get::<u32>(), Some(&1u32));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
         self.map
             .get(&TypeId::of::<T>())

actix-http/src/h1/client.rs

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ impl ClientCodec {
     /// Create HTTP/1 codec.
     ///
     /// `keepalive_enabled` how response `connection` header get generated.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(config: ServiceConfig) -> Self {
         let flags = if config.keep_alive_enabled() {
             Flags::KEEPALIVE_ENABLED
@@ -74,16 +75,19 @@ impl ClientCodec {
     }
 
     /// Check if request is upgrade
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn upgrade(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.ctype == ConnectionType::Upgrade
     }
 
     /// Check if last response is keep-alive
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keepalive(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.ctype == ConnectionType::KeepAlive
     }
 
     /// Check last request's message type
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn message_type(&self) -> MessageType {
         if self.inner.flags.contains(Flags::STREAM) {
             MessageType::Stream
@@ -95,6 +99,7 @@ impl ClientCodec {
     }
 
     /// Convert message codec to a payload codec
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn into_payload_codec(self) -> ClientPayloadCodec {
         ClientPayloadCodec { inner: self.inner }
     }
@@ -102,11 +107,13 @@ impl ClientCodec {
 
 impl ClientPayloadCodec {
     /// Check if last response is keep-alive
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keepalive(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.ctype == ConnectionType::KeepAlive
     }
 
     /// Transform payload codec to a message codec
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn into_message_codec(self) -> ClientCodec {
         ClientCodec { inner: self.inner }
     }

actix-http/src/h1/codec.rs

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ impl Codec {
     /// Create HTTP/1 codec.
     ///
     /// `keepalive_enabled` how response `connection` header get generated.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(config: ServiceConfig) -> Self {
         let flags = if config.keep_alive_enabled() {
             Flags::KEEPALIVE_ENABLED
@@ -72,24 +73,28 @@ impl Codec {
 
     /// Check if request is upgrade.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn upgrade(&self) -> bool {
         self.ctype == ConnectionType::Upgrade
     }
 
     /// Check if last response is keep-alive.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keepalive(&self) -> bool {
         self.ctype == ConnectionType::KeepAlive
     }
 
     /// Check if keep-alive enabled on server level.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keepalive_enabled(&self) -> bool {
         self.flags.contains(Flags::KEEPALIVE_ENABLED)
     }
 
     /// Check last request's message type.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn message_type(&self) -> MessageType {
         if self.flags.contains(Flags::STREAM) {
             MessageType::Stream
@@ -101,6 +106,7 @@ impl Codec {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn config(&self) -> &ServiceConfig {
         &self.config
     }

actix-http/src/h1/decoder.rs

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub(crate) trait MessageType: Sized {
                     }
                     // transfer-encoding
                     header::TRANSFER_ENCODING => {
-                        if let Ok(s) = value.to_str().map(|s| s.trim()) {
+                        if let Ok(s) = value.to_str().map(str::trim) {
                             chunked = s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("chunked");
                         } else {
                             return Err(ParseError::Header);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub(crate) trait MessageType: Sized {
                     }
                     // connection keep-alive state
                     header::CONNECTION => {
-                        ka = if let Ok(conn) = value.to_str().map(|conn| conn.trim()) {
+                        ka = if let Ok(conn) = value.to_str().map(str::trim) {
                             if conn.eq_ignore_ascii_case("keep-alive") {
                                 Some(ConnectionType::KeepAlive)
                             } else if conn.eq_ignore_ascii_case("close") {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) trait MessageType: Sized {
                         };
                     }
                     header::UPGRADE => {
-                        if let Ok(val) = value.to_str().map(|val| val.trim()) {
+                        if let Ok(val) = value.to_str().map(str::trim) {
                             if val.eq_ignore_ascii_case("websocket") {
                                 has_upgrade_websocket = true;
                             }

actix-http/src/h1/dispatcher.rs

@@ -515,14 +515,13 @@ where
         cx: &mut Context<'_>,
     ) -> Result<(), DispatchError> {
         // Handle `EXPECT: 100-Continue` header
+        // set dispatcher state so the future is pinned.
+        let mut this = self.as_mut().project();
         if req.head().expect() {
-            // set dispatcher state so the future is pinned.
-            let mut this = self.as_mut().project();
             let task = this.flow.expect.call(req);
             this.state.set(State::ExpectCall(task));
         } else {
             // the same as above.
-            let mut this = self.as_mut().project();
             let task = this.flow.service.call(req);
             this.state.set(State::ServiceCall(task));
         };

actix-http/src/h1/payload.rs

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ impl Payload {
     /// * `PayloadSender` - *Sender* side of the stream
     ///
     /// * `Payload` - *Receiver* side of the stream
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn create(eof: bool) -> (PayloadSender, Payload) {
         let shared = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Inner::new(eof)));
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ impl Payload {
 
     /// Create empty payload
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn empty() -> Payload {
         Payload {
             inner: Rc::new(RefCell::new(Inner::new(true))),
@@ -186,8 +188,7 @@ impl Inner {
         if self
             .task
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|w| !cx.waker().will_wake(w))
+            .map_or(true, |w| !cx.waker().will_wake(w))
-            .unwrap_or(true)
         {
             self.task = Some(cx.waker().clone());
         }
@@ -199,8 +200,7 @@ impl Inner {
         if self
             .io_task
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|w| !cx.waker().will_wake(w))
+            .map_or(true, |w| !cx.waker().will_wake(w))
-            .unwrap_or(true)
         {
             self.io_task = Some(cx.waker().clone());
         }

actix-http/src/header/map.rs

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(map.is_empty());
     /// assert_eq!(0, map.capacity());
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         HeaderMap::default()
     }
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(map.is_empty());
     /// assert!(map.capacity() >= 16);
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
         HeaderMap {
             inner: AHashMap::with_capacity(capacity),
@@ -150,6 +152,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// map.append(header::SET_COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("two=2"));
     /// assert_eq!(map.len(), 3);
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner
             .iter()
@@ -173,6 +176,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// map.append(header::SET_COOKIE, HeaderValue::from_static("two=2"));
     /// assert_eq!(map.len_keys(), 2);
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn len_keys(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.len()
     }
@@ -188,6 +192,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// map.insert(header::ACCEPT, HeaderValue::from_static("text/plain"));
     /// assert!(!map.is_empty());
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.len() == 0
     }
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(map.get("INVALID HEADER NAME").is_none());
     /// ```
     pub fn get(&self, key: impl AsHeaderName) -> Option<&HeaderValue> {
-        self.get_value(key).map(|val| val.first())
+        self.get_value(key).map(Value::first)
     }
 
     /// Returns a mutable reference to the _first_ value associated a header name.
@@ -280,8 +285,8 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// ```
     pub fn get_mut(&mut self, key: impl AsHeaderName) -> Option<&mut HeaderValue> {
         match key.try_as_name(super::as_name::Seal).ok()? {
-            Cow::Borrowed(name) => self.inner.get_mut(name).map(|v| v.first_mut()),
+            Cow::Borrowed(name) => self.inner.get_mut(name).map(Value::first_mut),
-            Cow::Owned(name) => self.inner.get_mut(&name).map(|v| v.first_mut()),
+            Cow::Owned(name) => self.inner.get_mut(&name).map(Value::first_mut),
         }
     }
 
@@ -434,6 +439,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(map.is_empty());
     /// assert!(map.capacity() >= 16);
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.capacity()
     }
@@ -489,6 +495,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(pairs.contains(&(&header::SET_COOKIE, &HeaderValue::from_static("one=1"))));
     /// assert!(pairs.contains(&(&header::SET_COOKIE, &HeaderValue::from_static("two=2"))));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_> {
         Iter::new(self.inner.iter())
     }
@@ -515,6 +522,7 @@ impl HeaderMap {
     /// assert!(keys.contains(&header::HOST));
     /// assert!(keys.contains(&header::SET_COOKIE));
     /// ```
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn keys(&self) -> Keys<'_> {
         Keys(self.inner.keys())
     }

actix-http/src/header/shared/content_encoding.rs

@@ -33,12 +33,14 @@ pub enum ContentEncoding {
 impl ContentEncoding {
     /// Is the content compressed?
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn is_compression(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, ContentEncoding::Identity | ContentEncoding::Auto)
     }
 
     /// Convert content encoding to string
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             ContentEncoding::Br => "br",
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ impl ContentEncoding {
 
     /// Default Q-factor (quality) value.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn quality(self) -> f64 {
         match self {
             ContentEncoding::Br => 1.1,

actix-http/src/message.rs

@@ -152,15 +152,16 @@ impl RequestHead {
 
     /// Connection upgrade status
     pub fn upgrade(&self) -> bool {
-        if let Some(hdr) = self.headers().get(header::CONNECTION) {
+        self.headers()
-            if let Ok(s) = hdr.to_str() {
+            .get(header::CONNECTION)
-                s.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("upgrade")
+            .map(|hdr| {
-            } else {
+                if let Ok(s) = hdr.to_str() {
-                false
+                    s.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("upgrade")
-            }
+                } else {
-        } else {
+                    false
-            false
+                }
-        }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(false)
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@ pub struct ResponseHead {
 impl ResponseHead {
     /// Create new instance of `ResponseHead` type
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(status: StatusCode) -> ResponseHead {
         ResponseHead {
             status,
@@ -308,13 +310,11 @@ impl ResponseHead {
     /// Get custom reason for the response
     #[inline]
     pub fn reason(&self) -> &str {
-        if let Some(reason) = self.reason {
+        self.reason.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            reason
-        } else {
             self.status
                 .canonical_reason()
                 .unwrap_or("<unknown status code>")
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -355,8 +355,9 @@ pub struct Message<T: Head> {
 
 impl<T: Head> Message<T> {
     /// Get new message from the pool of objects
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        T::with_pool(|p| p.get_message())
+        T::with_pool(MessagePool::get_message)
     }
 }
 

actix-http/src/request.rs

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ impl From<Message<RequestHead>> for Request<PayloadStream> {
 
 impl Request<PayloadStream> {
     /// Create new Request instance
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new() -> Request<PayloadStream> {
         Request {
             head: Message::new(),

actix-http/src/response.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub struct Response<B> {
 impl Response<AnyBody> {
     /// Constructs a new response with default body.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(status: StatusCode) -> Self {
         Response {
             head: BoxedResponseHead::new(status),
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ impl Response<AnyBody> {
 
     /// Constructs a new response builder.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn build(status: StatusCode) -> ResponseBuilder {
         ResponseBuilder::new(status)
     }
@@ -43,24 +45,28 @@ impl Response<AnyBody> {
 
     /// Constructs a new response with status 200 OK.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn ok() -> Self {
         Response::new(StatusCode::OK)
     }
 
     /// Constructs a new response with status 400 Bad Request.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn bad_request() -> Self {
         Response::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
     }
 
     /// Constructs a new response with status 404 Not Found.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn not_found() -> Self {
         Response::new(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
     }
 
     /// Constructs a new response with status 500 Internal Server Error.
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn internal_server_error() -> Self {
         Response::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
     }

actix-http/src/response_builder.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ impl ResponseBuilder {
     /// assert_eq!(res.status(), StatusCode::OK);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn new(status: StatusCode) -> Self {
         ResponseBuilder {
             head: Some(BoxedResponseHead::new(status)),
@@ -220,6 +221,7 @@ impl ResponseBuilder {
 
     /// Responses extensions
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn extensions(&self) -> Ref<'_, Extensions> {
         let head = self.head.as_ref().expect("cannot reuse response builder");
         head.extensions.borrow()

actix-http/src/service.rs

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ where
     B: MessageBody + 'static,
 {
     /// Create builder for `HttpService` instance.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn build() -> HttpServiceBuilder<T, S> {
         HttpServiceBuilder::new()
     }

actix-http/src/ws/codec.rs

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ bitflags! {
 
 impl Codec {
     /// Create new WebSocket frames decoder.
+    #[must_use]
     pub const fn new() -> Codec {
         Codec {
             max_size: 65_536,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ impl Codec {
     /// Set max frame size.
     ///
     /// By default max size is set to 64kB.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn max_size(mut self, size: usize) -> Self {
         self.max_size = size;
         self
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ impl Codec {
     /// Set decoder to client mode.
     ///
     /// By default decoder works in server mode.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn client_mode(mut self) -> Self {
         self.flags.remove(Flags::SERVER);
         self

actix-http/src/ws/frame.rs

@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ impl Parser {
     }
 
     /// Parse the payload of a close frame.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn parse_close_payload(payload: &[u8]) -> Option<CloseReason> {
         if payload.len() >= 2 {
             let raw_code = u16::from_be_bytes(TryFrom::try_from(&payload[..2]).unwrap());

actix-http/src/ws/proto.rs

@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ static WS_GUID: &[u8] = b"258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11";
 /// Hashes the `Sec-WebSocket-Key` header according to the WebSocket spec.
 ///
 /// Result is a Base64 encoded byte array. `base64(sha1(input))` is always 28 bytes.
+#[must_use]
 pub fn hash_key(key: &[u8]) -> [u8; 28] {
     let hash = {
         use sha1::Digest as _;